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 phy142kk:lectures:fr1 [2015/05/11 10:02]kkumar phy142kk:lectures:fr1 [2015/05/11 10:14] (current)kkumar [Diffraction grating] Both sides previous revision Previous revision 2015/05/11 10:14 kkumar [Diffraction grating] 2015/05/11 10:10 kkumar [Intensity pattern for a single slit] 2015/05/11 10:08 kkumar [Anti reflective coating] 2015/05/11 10:07 kkumar [Air wedge and Other Effects] 2015/05/11 10:06 kkumar 2015/05/11 10:03 kkumar 2015/05/11 10:02 kkumar 2015/05/11 06:40 kkumar [Lecture 39: Review Lecture II] 2015/05/06 11:31 kkumar [Lens equation] 2015/05/06 10:07 kkumar [Refractive index] 2015/05/06 10:03 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:16 kkumar 2015/05/06 09:09 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:04 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:01 kkumar [Phasor approach to LRC series circuit] 2015/05/06 08:56 kkumar [Phasor for an inductor] 2015/05/06 08:55 kkumar [LRC Circuit Analysis] 2015/05/06 08:49 kkumar [Analysis of the LC circuit] 2015/05/06 08:48 kkumar [LR circuits] 2015/05/06 05:49 kkumar [Reflection] 2015/05/06 05:41 kkumar [Transformers] 2015/05/06 05:39 kkumar [emf produced by a generator] 2015/05/06 05:37 kkumar [Motional emf] 2015/05/06 05:35 kkumar [Faraday's Law of Induction] 2015/05/06 05:33 kkumar [Faraday's Law of Induction] 2015/05/06 05:24 kkumar 2015/05/06 05:21 kkumar 2014/12/19 11:02 mdawber 2014/12/19 10:15 external edit Next revision Previous revision 2015/05/11 10:14 kkumar [Diffraction grating] 2015/05/11 10:10 kkumar [Intensity pattern for a single slit] 2015/05/11 10:08 kkumar [Anti reflective coating] 2015/05/11 10:07 kkumar [Air wedge and Other Effects] 2015/05/11 10:06 kkumar 2015/05/11 10:03 kkumar 2015/05/11 10:02 kkumar 2015/05/11 06:40 kkumar [Lecture 39: Review Lecture II] 2015/05/06 11:31 kkumar [Lens equation] 2015/05/06 10:07 kkumar [Refractive index] 2015/05/06 10:03 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:16 kkumar 2015/05/06 09:09 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:04 kkumar [Mirror equation] 2015/05/06 09:01 kkumar [Phasor approach to LRC series circuit] 2015/05/06 08:56 kkumar [Phasor for an inductor] 2015/05/06 08:55 kkumar [LRC Circuit Analysis] 2015/05/06 08:49 kkumar [Analysis of the LC circuit] 2015/05/06 08:48 kkumar [LR circuits] 2015/05/06 05:49 kkumar [Reflection] 2015/05/06 05:41 kkumar [Transformers] 2015/05/06 05:39 kkumar [emf produced by a generator] 2015/05/06 05:37 kkumar [Motional emf] 2015/05/06 05:35 kkumar [Faraday's Law of Induction] 2015/05/06 05:33 kkumar [Faraday's Law of Induction] 2015/05/06 05:24 kkumar 2015/05/06 05:21 kkumar 2014/12/19 11:02 mdawber 2014/12/19 10:15 external edit Line 27: Line 27: */ */ - ===== Magnifying Glass ===== - The biggest possible size of an object on the eye without the aid of an optical instrument is obtained by placing it at the near point of the eye $N$. If we bring an object closer than the near point then it will occupy a larger angle, but we won't be able to focus on it. This problem can be addressed by a magnifying glass. If we place an object closer than the focal length of the lens, it will produce a virtual image at a distance $d_{i}$. The maximum magnification is achieved by bringing the lens right up to your eye and then arranging the lens, object and your head so that the image is at the near point. To find the magnification we need to know $d_{o}$ ​ which can be found from the lens equation, taking $d_{i}=-N$ + ===== Young's double slit experiment ===== + If we treat each of the slits as a point source of circular wavefronts. The condition for constructive interference (bright fringes) is - $\frac{1}{d_{o}}=\frac{1}{f}-\frac{1}{d_{i}}=\frac{1}{f}+\frac{1}{N}$ + $d\sin\theta=m\lambda$ <​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,1,2,..) - In the small angle approximation + and for destructive interference (dark fringes) - $\theta=\frac{h}{N}$ and  $\theta'​=\frac{h}{d_{o}}$ + $d\sin\theta=(m+\frac{1}{2})\lambda$ <​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,1,2,..) - The angular magnification of the lens, also called the magnifying power is defined as $M=\frac{\theta'​}{\theta}$ which we can see here is + {{youngsdoubleslit.png}} - $M=\frac{N}{d_{o}}=N(\frac{1}{f}+\frac{1}{N})=\frac{N}{f}+1$ + ===== Reflection from a transparent medium ===== - {{magglassatnearpoint.png}} + As in the case of a wave on a rope that is incident on a heavier rope and is reflected with a 180<​sup>​o​ phase change when a light wave is reflected from a more optically dense media a 180<​sup>​o​ phase change occurs. This effect is important when we want to consider interference effects in thin films. - ===== Magnifying glass with image at infinity ​===== + {{reflectionphasechange.png}} + ===== Air wedge and Other Effects ​===== - It is not very convenient to use a magnifying glass with the eye focused at the near point, firstly as we are required to constantly maintain the correct positioning of lens, object and head, but also because our eye muscles are at maximum exertion, which is not very comfortable over long periods of time. An alternative way to use a magnifying glass is to place the object at the focal point of the lens producing an image at $\infty$. + {{airwedge.png}} - In this case  ​ + For a single wavelength dark stripes will occur whenever ​ - $\theta'​=\frac{h}{f}$ + $2t=m\lambda$<​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,​1,​2,​..) - and the magnifying power is + and bright stripes will occur whenever ​ - $M=\frac{\theta'​}{\theta}=\frac{N}{f}$ + $2t=(m+\frac{1}{2})\lambda$<​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,​1,​2,​..) - {{magglassatinfinity.png}} - ===== Telescopes ​===== + ===== Anti reflective coating ​===== - A magnifying glass is only useful for looking ​at objects nearby (the maximum object distance from the lens is the focal length). To view distant objects ​we need to use a [[wp>Telescope|telescope]]. A refracting telescope uses two lens, and objective and an eyepiece. The objective produces an image which is then magnified by the eyepiece. + Ideally we would use a coating that produced an equal amount of reflection ​at both interfaces, but there is no suitable material with the required refractive index, ​ $n=1.26$,  so we use magnesium flouride MgF<​sub>​2. - {{refractingtelescope.png}} + {{antreflectivecoating.png}} - The original apparent object size is + As the two reflections both occur from more optically dense media they both experience a phase change of $\pi$ on reflection which corresponds to advancing the wave by $\frac{\lambda}{2}$ . - $\theta\approx\frac{h}{f_{o}}$ + To have the light be out of phase we need to light that goes through the coating to have advanced by $\frac{\lambda}{2}$ for destructive interference to occur. ​ - If we consider an object at infinity and an eyepiece which is adjusted so that the focus of the eyepiece ​is at the focus of the objective (this produces a final image at infinity, which is why I chose not to draw it this way on the diagram), then the apparent size of the final image is + Critically, when destructive interference occurs ​the light is not lost, but is instead transmitted. ​ - $\theta'\approx\frac{h}{f_{e}}$ + As the wavelength of light in a medium is given by $\lambda=\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n}$ where $n$ is the refractive index of the medium and $\lambda_{0}$ is the wavelength of the light in free space, the thickness of the coating should be $\frac{\lambda}{4n_{2}}$. - giving the magnification power of the telescope as - $M=\frac{\theta'​}{\theta}=-\frac{f_{o}}{f_{e}}$ ​ + ===== Intensity for double slit interference ===== - with the minus sign signifying that the image is inverted. + As we now have the intensity in terms of the phase difference $\delta$ - ===== Young'​s double slit experiment ===== + $I_{\theta}=I_{0}\cos^{2}\frac{\delta}{2}$ - If we treat each of the slits as a point source ​of circular wavefronts. The condition for constructive interference (bright fringes) is + we should return to our diagram to find the intensity in terms of $d$ and $\theta$ - $d\sin\theta=m\lambda$ <​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,1,2,..) + {{twoslitphase.png}} - and for destructive interference (dark fringes) + We can see that - $d\sin\theta=(m+\frac{1}{2})\lambda$ <​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,​1,​2,​..) + $\frac{\delta\lambda}{2\pi}=d \sin \theta$ - {{youngsdoubleslit.png}} + giving - ===== Reflection from a transparent medium ===== + $\delta=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d\sin\theta$ - As in the case of a wave on a rope that is incident on a heavier rope and is reflected with a 180<​sup>​o​ phase change when a light wave is reflected from a more optically dense media a 180<​sup>​o​ phase change occurs. This effect is important when we want to consider interference effects in thin films. + and the intensity ​is - + - {{reflectionphasechange.png}} + - ===== Anti reflective coating ===== + - + - {{antreflectivecoating.png}} + - + - As the two reflections both occur from more optically dense media they both experience a  $\frac{\lambda}{2}$ phase change on reflection. To have the light be out of phase we need to light that goes through the coating to have advanced by $\frac{\lambda}{2}$ for destructive interference to occur. Critically, when destructive interference occurs the light is not lost, but is instead transmitted. As the wavelength of light in a medium is given by $\lambda=\frac{\lambda_{0}}{n}$ where $n$ is the refractive index of the medium and $\lambda_{0}$ is the wavelength of the light in free space, the thickness of the coating should be $\frac{\lambda}{4n_{2}}$. + - + - In practice the light incident will not all be the same wavelength, so the thickness of the coating is typically chosen to work optimally in the center of the visible band (~550nm). + - + - ===== Air wedge ===== + - + - {{airwedge.png}} + - + - For a single wavelength dark rings will occur whenever + - + - $2t=m\lambda$<​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,​1,​2,​..) + - + - and bright rings will occur whenever + - + - $2t=(m+\frac{1}{2})\lambda$<​html>&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;&​nbsp;​ (m=0,​1,​2,​..) + - For white light different colors will experience constructive interference at different thicknesses,​ leading to the colorful lines we see when an air gap is under normal light. + $I_{\theta}=I_{0}\cos^{2}(\frac{\pi d \sin \theta}{\lambda})$ + {{figure_34_14.jpg?​800}} ===== Intensity pattern for a single slit ===== ===== Intensity pattern for a single slit ===== Line 156: Line 135: but that the larger the number of slits from which diffraction occurs the sharper the maxima will be. but that the larger the number of slits from which diffraction occurs the sharper the maxima will be. + + ===== n slits ===== + + {{nslitgrating.png}} + + n=2 $\frac{I_{\theta}}{I_{0}}=\frac{(2+2\cos\delta)}{4}$ + + n=3 $\frac{I_{\theta}}{I_{0}}=\frac{3+4\cos\delta+2\cos 2\delta}{9}$ + + n=4 $\frac{I_{\theta}}{I_{0}}=\frac{4+6\cos\delta+4\cos 2\delta+2\cos 3\delta}{16}$ + + For any $n$ + + $\frac{I_{\theta}}{I_{0}}=\frac{n+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n-1}2(n-k)\cos(k\delta)}{n^{2}}$ ===== Polarizers ===== ===== Polarizers =====